Clinical | History of contralateral TIA or stroke |
CT/MRI | ipsilateral ‘silent’ infarction |
Ultrasound | Stenosis progression>20%; spontaneous embolisation on TCD; impaired cerebral vascular reserve; large volume plaques (>80 mm2); predominantly echolucent plaques; large juxta-luminal black area (>8 mm2) |
MRI | Intraplaque haemorrhage |
ESVS, European Society for Vascular Surgery; TCD, transcranial Doppler ultrasound; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.