Summary of clinical and angiographic characteristics, treatment modality
| N | |
| Total no. of patients (lesions) | 198 (208) |
| Median age in years (IQR) | 56 (47–62) |
| Male/female | 166 (83.8)/32 (16.2) |
| Presentation | |
| Subarachnoid haemorrhage | 103 (52.0) |
| Venous hypertensive myelopathy | 90 (45.5) |
| Tinnitus | 2 (1.0) |
| Cranial nerve paralysis | 3 (1.5) |
| Steroid administration | 24 (12.1) |
| Side | |
| Left | 95 (45.7) |
| Right | 107 (51.4) |
| Both | 6 (2.9) |
| Arteriovenous fistula types | |
| Paravertebral arteriovenous fistula | 3 (1.4) |
| Epidural AVF | 19 (9.1) |
| Paravertebral AVF | 15 (7.2) |
| Radicular AVF | 39 (18.8) |
| Dural AVF | 132 (63.5) |
| Fistula location | |
| Foramen magnum | 22 (10.6) |
| C-1 | 143 (68.7) |
| C-2 | 43 (20.7) |
| Arterial feeders | |
| Dural branch of vertebral artery | 139 (70.2) |
| RA | 38 (19.2) |
| Anterior spinal artery | 32 (16.2) |
| Lateral spinal artery | 20 (10.1) |
| PICA | 5 (2.5) |
| APA | 22 (11.1) |
| OA | 9 (4.5) |
| PMA | 5 (2.5) |
| MMA | 1 (0.5) |
| Direction of the venous drainage | |
| Ascending intradural | 77 (36.5) |
| Descending intradural | 87 (40.9) |
| Bidirectional intradural | 23 (12.0) |
| Epidural | 18 (9.1) |
| Paravertebral venous plexus | 3 (1.4) |
| Aneurysmal structure | 60 (30.3) |
| Varix | 135 (68.2) |
| Treatment | |
| Conservative | 5 (2.5) |
| Surgery | 151 (76.3) |
| Embolisation | 15 (7.6) |
| Embolisation+surgery | 27 (13.6) |
Values are shown as the number (%)of patients or lesions, unless indicated otherwise.
APA, ascending pharyngeal artery; AVF, arteriovenous fistula; C, cervical; MMA, middle meningeal artery; OA, occipital artery; PICA, posterior inferior cerebellar artery; PMA, posterior meningeal artery; RA, radicular arter.