Risk factors for stroke among overall population in China from 2003 to 2018
| 2003 | 2008 | 2013 | 2018 | Meta-analysis† | ||||||
| OR (95% CI)* | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age | ||||||||||
| ＜30 years | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| 30–39 years | 1.92 (0.97 to 3.80) | 0.06 | 3.21 (1.48 to 6.99) | 0.003 | 2.59 (1.40 to 4.81) | 0.003 | 2.85 (1.27 to 6.42) | 0.01 | 2.40 (1.46 to 3.34) | 0.82 |
| 40–49 years | 6.49 (3.46 to 12.19) | <0.001 | 11.25 (5.47 to 23.13) | <0.001 | 9.11 (5.24 to 15.84) | <0.001 | 18.67 (8.91 to 39.16) | <0.001 | 8.46 (5.38 to 11.54) | 0.40 |
| 50–59 years | 15.67 (8.42 to 29.14) | <0.001 | 28.94 (14.21 to 58.95) | <0.001 | 20.04 (11.60 to 34.64) | <0.001 | 49.55 (23.75 to 103.40) | <0.001 | 19.82 (12.65 to 26.98) | 0.33 |
| 60–69 years | 26.64 (14.26 to 49.76) | <0.001 | 48.78 (23.88 to 99.65) | <0.001 | 29.10 (16.82 to 50.36) | <0.001 | 93.41 (44.75 to 194.99) | <0.001 | 31.38 (19.91 to 42.84) | 0.29 |
| ≥70 years | 38.69 (20.6 to 72.69) | <0.001 | 53.74 (26.15 to 110.44) | <0.001 | 38.86 (22.39 to 67.44) | <0.001 | 121.73 (58.24 to 254.42) | <0.001 | 42.93 (27.34 to 58.53) | 0.40 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Male | 1.60 (1.40 to 1.83) | <0.001 | 1.46 (1.30 to 1.64) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.29 to 1.53) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.27 to 1.45) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.34 to 1.47) | 0.21 |
| Residence | ||||||||||
| Urban | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Rural | 0.83 (0.70 to 1.00) | 0.05 | 1.06 (0.90 to 1.25) | 0.49 | 1.14 (1.05 to 1.25) | 0.003 | 1.28 (1.20 to 1.36) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.10 to 1.21) | <0.001 |
| Region | ||||||||||
| Western | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Central | 1.82 (1.58 to 2.10) | <0.001 | 2.10 (1.85 to 2.37) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.07 to 1.26) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.34 to 1.53) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.31 to 1.43) | <0.001 |
| Eastern | 1.42 (1.23 to 1.63) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.34 to 1.72) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.80 to 0.96) | 0.004 | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.05) | 0.53 | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.05) | <0.001 |
| Education | ||||||||||
| College | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Senior high | 0.91 (0.69 to 1.20) | 0.50 | 1.35 (1.01 to 1.81) | 0.05 | 1.23 (1.01 to 1.50) | 0.04 | 1.21 (0.93 to 1.56) | 0.16 | 1.19 (1.04 to 1.33) | <0.001 |
| Junior high | 0.84 (0.65 to 1.08) | 0.18 | 1.45 (1.10 to 1.93) | 0.009 | 1.56 (1.29 to 1.88) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.08 to 1.79) | 0.009 | 1.12 (0.97 to 1.26) | 0.01 |
| Primary | 0.87 (0.67 to 1.13) | 0.30 | 1.49 (1.12 to 1.98) | 0.006 | 1.49 (1.23 to 1.81) | <0.001 | 1.45 (1.12 to 1.86) | 0.004 | 1.21 (1.06 to 1.37) | 0.002 |
| None | 0.82 (0.62 to 1.08) | 0.15 | 1.29 (0.95 to 1.74) | 0.10 | 1.32 (1.07 to 1.62) | 0.009 | 1.34 (1.04 to 1.74) | 0.03 | 1.14 (1.00 to 1.28) | 0.18 |
| Occupation | ||||||||||
| Employed | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Retired | 2.40 (1.97 to 2.92) | <0.001 | 1.98 (1.66 to 2.37) | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.46 to 1.84) | <0.001 | 1.77 (1.62 to 1.95) | <0.001 | 1.78 (1.67 to 1.90) | 0.02 |
| Unemployed | 1.93 (1.63 to 2.29) | <0.001 | 1.73 (1.52 to 1.96) | <0.001 | 1.70 (1.55 to 1.87) | <0.001 | 1.73 (1.61 to 1.86) | <0.001 | 1.74 (1.65 to 1.82) | 0.68 |
| Income‡ | ||||||||||
| High | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Medium | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.13) | 0.80 | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.11) | 0.77 | 1.08 (0.99 to 1.18) | 0.07 | 1.22 (1.13 to 1.31) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.06 to 1.17) | <0.001 |
| Low | 1.05 (0.92 to 1.21) | 0.47 | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.03) | 0.16 | 1.09 (1.00 to 1.19) | 0.05 | 1.37 (1.27 to 1.49) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.04 to 1.15) | 0.003 |
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Married | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Single | 0.58 (0.36 to 0.95) | 0.03 | 0.80 (0.57 to 1.13) | 0.20 | 0.68 (0.51 to 0.90) | 0.007 | 0.75 (0.58 to 0.96) | 0.02 | 0.71 (0.60 to 0.82) | 0.71 |
| Divorced | 0.85 (0.47 to 1.53) | 0.59 | 0.81 (0.49 to 1.32) | 0.39 | 1.15 (0.85 to 1.56) | 0.37 | 1.27 (1.04 to 1.57) | 0.02 | 1.11 (0.93 to 1.29) | 0.22 |
| Widowed | 0.74 (0.63 to 0.87) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.77 to 1.00) | 0.06 | 0.92 (0.83 to 1.01) | 0.08 | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.06) | 0.63 | 0.91 (0.86 to 0.96) | 0.01 |
| Hypertension§ | ||||||||||
| No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Yes | 1.41 (1.20 to 1.64) | <0.001 | 2.17 (1.95 to 2.42) | <0.001 | 3.38 (3.14 to 3.62) | <0.001 | 1.55 (1.46 to 1.65) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.71 to 1.87) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes¶ | ||||||||||
| No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Yes | 1.57 (1.20 to 2.05) | 0.001 | 1.28 (1.03 to 1.58) | 0.03 | 1.43 (1.29 to 1.59) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.19 to 1.48) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.28 to 1.47) | 0.54 |
| Depression** | ||||||||||
| No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Moderate | 3.37 (3.00 to 3.79) | <0.001 | 3.98 (3.56 to 4.46) | <0.001 | 2.73 (2.50 to 2.97) | <0.001 | 2.43 (2.27 to 2.59) | <0.001 | 2.71 (2.59 to 2.83) | <0.001 |
| Severe | 10.67 (8.48 to 13.43) | <0.001 | 9.73 (7.71 to 12.28) | <0.001 | 5.26 (4.22 to 6.54) | <0.001 | 3.07 (2.57 to 3.67) | <0.001 | 4.01 (3.53 to 4.49) | <0.001 |
| Cigarette smoking†† | ||||||||||
| Never | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Smoker | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.02) | 0.10 | 0.92 (0.82 to 1.04) | 0.19 | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.21) | 0.03 | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.13) | 0.18 | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.06) | 0.01 |
| Alcohol consumption (times per week)‡‡ | ||||||||||
| Never | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| <3 | 0.51 (0.41 to 0.64) | <0.001 | 0.44 (0.30 to 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.61 (0.53 to 0.69) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.51 to 0.60) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.52 to 0.60) | 0.26 |
| ≥3 | 0.46 (0.36 to 0.59) | <0.001 | 0.44 (0.35 to 0.55) | <0.001 | 0.41 (0.35 to 0.48) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.00 to 1.23) | 0.06 | 0.53 (0.49 to 0.58) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (times per week)§§ | ||||||||||
| Never | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| <1 | 1.47 (0.79 to 2.75) | 0.22 | 1.15 (0.78 to 1.68) | 0.48 | 1.02 (0.76 to 1.37) | 0.91 | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.14) | 0.03 | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.13) | 0.83 |
| 1–2 | 0.71 (0.39 to 1.32) | 0.28 | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.29) | 0.92 | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.22) | 0.59 | 1.05 (0.95 to 1.16) | 0.37 | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.11) | 0.57 |
| 3–5 | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.18) | 0.44 | 0.99 (0.79 to 1.23) | 0.90 | 1.02 (0.89 to 1.18) | 0.75 | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.06) | 0.36 | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.05) | 0.82 |
| ≥6 | 1.22 (1.04 to 1.43) | 0.01 | 1.07 (0.92 to 1.25) | 0.40 | 1.27 (1.16 to 1.40) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.31) | 0.77 | 1.19 (1.10 to 1.27) | 0.15 |
| Sanitation facilities | ||||||||||
| Improved¶¶ | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Unimproved*** | 1.36 (1.18 to 1.58) | <0.001 | 1.31 (1.15 to 1.50) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.27 to 1.51) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.30 to 1.47) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.32 to 1.44) | 0.87 |
*Multiple logistic regression models included age, sex, residence, region, educational level, occupation, income, marital status, hypertension, diabetes, depression, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and sanitation facilities.
†The meta estimates of serial surveys.
‡Categorised into high, middle and low levels. High level presented top third of annual per capital income in the sampled county at the survey year, the second third was middle level and others belonged to low level.
§Self-reported for ever being diagnosed with hypertension by medical institution.
¶Self-reported for ever being diagnosed with diabetes by medical institution.
**Self-perceived health according to quality of life questionnaire.
††Participants have smoked a total of at least 100 cigarettes and either continued or ceased smoking at the survey.
‡‡Participants have had an alcoholic drink in the 12 months prior to the survey.
§§Participants have done physical activity in the past 6 months at least once.
¶¶Not ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact and open defecation.
***Likely to ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact.
Ref, reference.