Published studies of neural stem cell derived exosomes in ischaemic stroke
| Animals | Stroke model | Time of treatment | Routes of exosome delivery | Exosome modifications | Proposed mechanisms | Ref |
| Mouse | TE-MCAO | 2 hours, 14 hours, 38 hours/6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours (in aged mice) after ischaemia | Tail vein | No | Immunomodulation, inhibit inflammation | 99 |
| Mouse | 1 hour tMCAO | 2 hours after ischaemia | Internal jugular vein | No | Preserve astrocyte function | 100 |
| Pig | pMCAO | 2 hours, 14 hours, 24 hours after ischaemia | Intravenously | No | Protect the integrity of BBB and WM | 101 |
BBB, blood-brain barrier; pMCAO, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion; TE-MCAO, thromboembolic middle cerebral artery occlusion; WM, white matter.