Published studies of other cell derived exosomes in ischaemic stroke
| Animals | Stroke model | Time of treatment | Source of exosomes | Routes of exosome delivery | Exosome modifications | Proposed mechanisms | Ref |
| Mouse | pMCAO | 1 hour after ischaemia | Astrocyte | Tail vein | No | Anti-apoptosis | 107 |
| Mouse | 90 min tMCAO | 30 min after ischaemia | Brain microvascular ECs | Tail vein | No | Protect BBB integrity, inhibit astrocyte activation | 109 |
| Mouse | Photothrombosis | 3 days after ischaemia | Brain endothelial cells | Intravenously | Enriched with miR-126 | Promote angiogenesis, neurogenesis and M2 macrophage polarisation | 114 |
| Rat | 2 hours tMCAO | Immediately after ischaemia | Macrophage cell line | Tail vein | No | Promote M2 microglial polarisation | 157 |
| Mouse | 90 min tMCAO | 1, 2, 3 days after ischaemia | Microglia cell line | Tail vein | No | Promote neuronal survival | 116 |
pMCAO, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion; tMCAO, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.