Baseline characteristics based on subgroups of stenosis
| Characteristics | Non-stenosis (n=463) | ICAS only (n=233) | ECAS only (n=51) | ICAS+ECAS (n=59) | P value |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 63 (54–72) | 63 (55–71) | 67 (58–74) | 64 (57–72) | 0.135 |
| Men, n (%) | 303 (65.4) | 159 (68.2) | 37 (72.6) | 43 (72.9) | 0.515 |
| mRS prior to current event, median (IQR) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | 0.012 |
| BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 24.4 (22.8–26.3) | 24.6 (22.9–26.7) | 24.6 (22.2–26.0) | 25.4 (23.4–27.1) | 0.301 |
| Medical history, n (%) | |||||
| Ischaemic stroke | 112 (24.2) | 75 (32.2) | 16 (31.4) | 29 (49.2) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 35 (7.6) | 28 (12.0) | 8 (15.7) | 5 (8.5) | 0.106 |
| Hypertension | 301 (65.0) | 168 (72.1) | 26 (51.0) | 41 (69.5) | 0.023 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 86 (18.6) | 58 (24.9) | 13 (25.5) | 10 (17.0) | 0.17 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 99 (21.4) | 61 (26.2) | 6 (11.8) | 16 (27.1) | 0.102 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 132 (28.5) | 80 (34.3) | 21 (41.2) | 17 (28.8) | 0.16 |
| Baseline NIHSS score, median (IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–4) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) | 0.108 |
| Interval from onset to imaging, days | |||||
| Carotid Doppler | 4 (2–7) | 5 (3–8) | 4 (2–7) | 5 (2–7) | 0.461 |
| Intracranial artery evaluation | 4 (2–8) | 5 (3–8) | 6 (2–8) | 6 (3–11) | 0.059 |
| MRI | 4 (2–6) | 4 (2–7) | 4 (1–7) | 6 (3–10) | 0.007 |
| In-hospital treatment, n (%) | |||||
| Thrombolysis | 6 (1.3) | 2 (0.9) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 0.736 |
| Antiplatelet | 398 (86.0) | 204 (87.6) | 50 (98.0) | 54 (91.5) | 0.069 |
| Dual antiplatelet | 33 (7.1) | 36 (15.5) | 13 (25.5) | 22 (37.3) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering | 347 (75.0) | 189 (81.1) | 49 (96.1) | 48 (81.4) | 0.003 |
| Statin | 331 (71.5) | 184 (79.0) | 48 (94.1) | 47 (80.0) | 0.001 |
| Antidiabetics | 100 (21.6) | 66 (28.3) | 6 (11.8) | 20 (33.9) | 0.01 |
| Antihypertensive | 240 (51.8) | 120 (51.5) | 21 (41.2) | 31 (52.5) | 0.537 |
| Carotid endarterectomy | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NE |
| Endovascular treatment, n (%) | |||||
| Stent implantation | 2 (0.4) | 5 (2.2) | 4 (7.8) | 7 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Intracranial stent | 1 (0.2) | 5 (2.2) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (1.7) | 0.08 |
| Extracranial stent | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 3 (5.9) | 6 (10.2) | <0.001 |
| Angioplasty | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (3.4) | 0.002 |
| Intracranial angioplasty | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.482 |
| Extracranial angioplasty | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| Thrombectomy | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NE |
| Discharge medication, n (%) | |||||
| Antiplatelet | 417 (90.1) | 212 (91.0) | 49 (96.1) | 54 (91.5) | 0.562 |
| Dual antiplatelet | 12 (2.6) | 16 (6.9) | 8 (15.7) | 10 (17.0) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering | 332 (71.7) | 169 (72.5) | 45 (88.2) | 45 (76.3) | 0.08 |
| Statin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NE |
| Antidiabetics | 100 (21.6) | 64 (27.5) | 8 (15.7) | 16 (27.1) | 0.161 |
| Antihypertensive | 244 (52.7) | 116 (49.8) | 21 (41.2) | 28 (47.5) | 0.405 |
BMI, body mass index; ECAS, extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis; ICAS, intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NE, Not estimable; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.