Subgroup analysis of ruptured versus unruptured brainstem AVMs underwent conservative versus different intervention management
| Characteristics (Ruptured) | Conservative (n=10) | Microsurgery (n=6) | Embolisation (n=11) | SRS (n=14) | Embolisation+SRS (n=8) | P value |
| Follow-up duration (years) | 5.0±2.0 | 5.7±1.5 | 3.1±2.6 | 4.0±1.7 | 5.1±1.8 | 0.068 |
| Obliterated | 0 (0.0) | 6 (100.0) | 5 (45.5) | 10 (71.4) | 3 (37.5) | <0.001* |
| mRS score >2 | 1 (10.0) | 2 (33.3) | 7 (63.6) | 3 (21.4) | 2 (25.0) | 0.083 |
| mRS score <2 | 8 (80.0) | 3 (50.0) | 4 (36.4) | 8 (57.1) | 6 (75.0) | 0.249 |
| Long-term mRS score | 1.0±0.9 | 1.5±1.4 | 3.2±2.4 | 1.5±1.4 | 1.5±2.3 | 0.064 |
| Worsened mRS | 2 (20.0) | 2 (33.3) | 5 (41.7) | 4 (28.6) | 2 (25.0) | 0.770 |
| Recurrent haemorrhage | 1 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (25.0) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (12.5) | 0.433 |
| New-onset neurofunctional deficit | 1 (10.0) | 4 (66.7) | 6 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (25.0) | 0.001* |
| Brainstem infarction | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.548 |
| Visual disturbance | 2 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (12.5) | 0.212 |
| Aphasia | 0 (0.0) | 3 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.007* |
| Facial paralysis | 2 (20.0) | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.278 |
| Weakness | 2 (20.0) | 3 (50.0) | 4 (33.3) | 8 (57.1) | 3 (37.5) | 0.432 |
| Death | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (12.5) | 0.019* |
| Annual rerupture risk | 2.0% | 0.0% | 11.6% | 1.8% | 2.5% |
| Characteristics (unruptured) | Conservative (n=3) | Microsurgery (n=0) | Embolisation (n=1) | SRS (n=7) | Embolisation+SRS (n=1) | P value |
| Follow-up duration (years) | 5.1±2.4 | – | 6.9 | 4.1±2.3 | 6.6 | 0.553 |
| Obliterated | 0 (0.0) | – | 0 (0.0) | 3 (43.9) | 1 (100.0) | 0.126 |
| mRS score >2 | 0 (0.0) | – | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| mRS score <2 | 2 (66.7) | – | 1 (100.0) | 6 (85.7) | 1 (100.0) | 0.740 |
| Long-term mRS score | 1.3±0.6 | – | 0 | 0.6±0.8 | 1 | 0.391 |
| Worsened mRS | 2 (66.7) | – | 0 (0.0) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (100.0) | 0.126 |
| Recurrent haemorrhage | 0 (0.0) | – | 0 (0.0) | 2 (28.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.487 |
| New-onset neurofunctional deficit | 1 (33.3) | – | 0 (0.0) | 3 (42.9) | 1 (100.0) | 0.404 |
| Brainstem infarction | 0 (0.0) | – | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Visual disturbance | 1 (33.3) | – | 0 (0.0) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (100.0) | 0.379 |
| Aphasia | 0 (0.0) | – | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Facial paralysis | 0 (0.0) | – | 0 (0.0) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.767 |
| Weakness | 1 (33.3) | – | 0 (0.0) | 2 (28.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.729 |
| Death | 0 (0.0) | – | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Annual rupture risk | 0.0% | – | 0.0% | 7.0% | 0.0% |
Values are expressed as number of cases (%) or mean±SD, unless otherwise indicated.
*Statistical significance (p<0.05).
AVM, arteriovenous malformation; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; SRS, stereotactic radiosurgery.