Table 1

Published studies of mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes in ischaemic stroke

Animals	Stroke model	Time of treatment	Routes of exosome delivery	Exosome modifications	Proposed mechanisms	Ref
Rat	2 hours tMCAO	24 hours after ischaemia	Tail vein	No	Promote neurite remodelling, neurogenesis and angiogenesis	80
Mouse	30 min tMCAO	1, 3 and 5 days after ischaemia	Femoral vein	No	Immunomodulation	82
Rat	30 min tMCAO	1, 3 and 5 days after ischaemia	Femoral vein	No	Immunomodulation	81
Rat	pMCAO	48 hours after ischaemia	Common carotid artery	No	Promote angiogenesis, neurogenesis, anti-inflammation	83
Ovine fetuses	25 min global hypoxia-ischaemia	1 hour and 4 days after ischaemia	Intravenously	No	Preserve baroreceptor reflex sensitivity and reduce white matter injury	152
Rat	2 hours tMCAO	24 hours after ischaemia	Intravenously	Enriched in miR-17-92 cluster	Enhance oligodendrogenesis, neurogenesis and neurite remodelling	97
Mouse	30 min tMCAO	Once every other day for 14 days after ischaemia	Tail vein	RGD-exosomes loaded with miR-210	Promote VEGF expression and angiogenesis	147
Mouse	Photothrombosis	24 hours after ischaemia	Tail vein	RVG-exosomes loaded with miR-124	Promote neurogenesis	98
Rat	Endothelin-1 subcortical stroke	24 hours after ischaemia	Tail vein	No	Promote white matter repair	90
Mouse	5 min bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion	Right before ischaemia	Intracerebroventricular injection	No	Inhibition of Cox-2 expression	89
Rat	2 hours tMCAO	Immediately after ischaemia	Tail vein	No	Reduce oedema	84
Rat	Perinatal brain injury	Before ischaemia	Intranasally	No	Neuroprotection, anti-inflammation	88
Rat	2 hours tMCAO	24 hours after ischaemia	Intra-arterially	Enriched with miR-134b	Promote neurite remodelling	153
Macaca mulatta	Cortical hand cerebral injury	24 hours and 14 days post injury	Intravenously	No	Not studied	154
Aged macaca mulatta	Cortical hand cerebral injury	24 hours and 14 days post injury	Intravenously	No	Reduce inflammation, shift microglia towards restorative functions	85
Macaca mulatta	Cortical hand cerebral injury	24 hours and 14 days post injury	Intravenously	No	Dampen injury-related hyperexcitability restores excitatory–inhibitory balance	86

RVG, rabies virus glycoprotein; tMCAO, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.