Animal models of ICH
| Mediators of injury | Advantages | Disadvantages | Citation |
| Microballoon | Microballoon model successfully in producing an effective brain lesionwithreduction in cerebral blood flow and an increase in intracranial pressure at the site of damage. | Fails to address the potential effects of blood and subsequent substances released by the clot formation. | 55–60 |
| Autologous whole blood | The autologous blood injection model providesa sterile system without exogenous proteins, a good way to investigate the natural coagulation and inflammation pathways after ICH. | The amount of blood injected into the brain is significantly higher than other mediators, there is always a risk of blood disruption in the subarachnoid and ventricular spaces. | 47–49 61–72 |
| Collagenase | Collagenase injection model offers an easier procedure and a highly reproducible haemorrhage. | The bacterial collagenase can introduce a significant inflammatory reaction to affect investigation of innate inflammatory responses; Disrupted BBB could unnaturally facilitate drugaccess to the brain during pharmacological (eg, neuroprotection) experiments. | 62 64 73–77 |
| Thrombin | This model has been used to study the mechanisms of thrombin toxicity that cause neuroinflammation and cell death | This model provides minimal utility beyond thrombin toxicity research. | 47 78–80 |
| Hypertensive stroke models | This model has been used to study the mechanisms of thrombin toxicity to study the mechanism of brain injury following hypertensive ICH. | The disadvantage of this model is that brain lesions are unpredictable with regard to size and location. | 81–83 |
| Periventricular /intraventricular haemorrhage (PVH/IVH) | This model mimics the hydrocephalus following PVH/IVH in prematurely born infants, it provides an opportunity to study mechanisms of cellular injury after PVH/IVH. | This model provides minimal utility other than PVH/IVH. | 30 46 84–92 |
BBB, blood brain barrier.