The frequency distribution and comparison of the etiological subtypes of the CISS, SPARKLE and TOAST systems
| Subtype | TOAST | SPARKLE | CISS | CISS versus CISS versus TOAST versus | ||
| SPARKLE | TOAST | SPARKLE | ||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | P value | P value | P value | |
| LAA | 139 (46.5) | 165 (55.2) | 199 (66.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CE | 35 (11.7) | 32 (10.7) | 36 (12.0) | 0.289 | 1 | 0.581 |
| SVD | 31 (10.4) | 29 (9.7) | 19 (6.4) | 0.021 | 0.02 | 0.824 |
| OE | 16 (5.4) | 17 (5.7) | 17 (5.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| UE | 78 (26.1) | 56 (18.7) | 28 (9.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
| Total | 299 | 299 | 299 | |||
CE, cardioembolism; CISS, Chinese Ischemic Stroke Subclassification; LAA, large artery atherosclerosis; OE, other etiology; SPARKLE, Subtypes of Ischemic Stroke Classification System; SVD, small-vessel disease; TOAST, Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment; UE, undetermined etiology.