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Tenecteplase Reperfusion therapy in Acute ischaemic Cerebrovascular Events-II (TRACE II): rationale and design
  1. Shuya Li1,2,
  2. Bruce C V Campbell3,
  3. Lee H Schwamm4,
  4. Marc Fisher5,
  5. Mark Parsons6,
  6. Hao Li1,
  7. Yuesong Pan1,
  8. Yongjun Wang1,2
  9. On behalf of the TRACE II investigators
  1. 1 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  2. 2 Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  3. 3 Department of Medicine and Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  4. 4 Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  5. 5 Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  6. 6 Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  1. Correspondence to Dr Yongjun Wang; yongjunwang{at}ncrcnd.org.cn

Abstract

Background and purpose Tenecteplase (TNK) is a promising agent for treatment of acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). We hypothesised that recombinant human TNK tissue-type plasminogen activator (rhTNK-tPA) is non-inferior to rt-PA in achieving excellent functional outcome at 90 days, when administered within 4.5 hours of ischaemic stroke onset.

Methods and design Tenecteplase Reperfusion therapy in Acute ischemic Cerebrovascular Events (TRACE) is a phase III, multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-end point non-inferiority study. Patients eligible for intravenous thrombolysis therapy are randomised to rhTNK-tPA 0.25 mg/kg (single bolus) to a maximum of 25 mg or rt-PA 0.9 mg/kg (10% bolus+90% infusion/1 hour) to a maximum of 90 mg. Medications considered necessary for the patient’s health may be given at the discretion of the investigator during 90-day follow-up.

Study outcomes The primary study outcome is excellent functional outcome defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0–1 at 90 days. Secondary efficacy outcomes include favourable functional outcome defined as mRS ≤2 at 90 days, ordinal distribution of mRS and major neurological improvement on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Safety outcomes are symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage within 36 hours and death from any cause.

Discussion There is no completed registration study of TNK in AIS worldwide. TRACE II strives to provide evidence for a new drug application for rhTNK-tPA in AIS within 4.5 hours through a well-designed and rigorously executed randomised trial in China.

Trial registration number NCT04797013.

  • thrombolysis
  • stroke

Data availability statement

Data are available on reasonable request. None.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2021-001074

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    Introduction

    The burden of stroke continues to increase worldwide. In China, stroke has become the leading cause of death, with ischaemic stroke being the dominant type.1–3 Intravenous thrombolysis is of proven clinical benefit for eligible patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only licensed thrombolytic agent within 4.5 hours after symptom onset.4–6

    Tenecteplase (TNK) is a genetically engineered modified form of rt-PA with practical delivery advantages and is currently approved to treat acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in many countries.7 In China, Metalyse and recombinant human TNK tissue-type plasminogen activator for injection (rhTNK-tPA) are approved for AMI indication.8 9 There is no completed registration study of TNK in AIS worldwide. Several phase II and III studies of TNK initiated by investigators provided information on its safety and efficacy for the treatment of AIS.10–14 A meta-analysis of 5 randomised studies, including 1585 patients in total (828 TNK, 757 rt-PA), showed that the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0–1 at 90 days was 57.9% in TNK-treated patients vs 55.4% in rt-PA-treated patients with a risk difference of 4% (95% CI −1% to 8%). For safety end points, TNK and rt-PA demonstrated a risk difference of 0% in symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH, 95% CI −1% to 2%) and 90-day mortality (95% CI −3% to 2%).15

    Although there is accumulating evidence supporting the use of TNK in patients with AIS, these data came from trials conducted in Caucasians. The optimal dosage of rhTNK-tPA for Chinese patients with AIS has not yet been demonstrated. A dose of 0.25 mg/kg may be suggested for future efficacy studies in Caucasians patients with AIS based on the results of contemporary clinical studies.4 12 13 A phase II study of rhTNK-tPA in China showed that rhTNK-tPA was well tolerated in Chinese patients with AIS similar to the Caucasians at dosages of 0.25 mg/kg administered within 3 hours of symptom onset (results to be published). Tenecteplase Reperfusion therapy in Acute ischemic Cerebrovascular Events-II (TRACE II), a phase III study, aiming to demonstrate that rhTNK-tPA 0.25 mg/kg is non-inferior to rt-PA 0.9 mg/kg for intravenous thrombolysis of patients with AIS in China. The efficacy and safety results of this study may support a new drug application for rhTNK-tPA in AIS within 4.5 hours.

    Methods

    Study organisation and design

    The steering committee of TRACE II is the highest decision-making body and express opinions freely and independently at scheduled or unscheduled meetings (online supplemental file 1). It is responsible for supervising the study executive. An independent data monitoring committee will maintain surveillance of participant safety and advise the steering committee about any safety concerns (table 1).

    Supplemental material

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Trial assessment flow chart

    TRACE II is a phase III, multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-end point (PROBE) non-inferiority study.16 Randomisation will be 1:1 for intravenous thrombolysis with rhTNK-tPA versus rt-PA via a centralised website. Investigational product should be administrated no later than 4.5 hours after symptom onset. Patients will be followed up 90 days to assess the primary outcome. Approximately 70 stroke centres in China will participate. Estimated study duration is 32 months.

    Patient population

    Inclusion criteria4 17

    1. Age is ≥18 years.

    2. AIS symptom onset ≤4.5 hours, onset time refers to the time the patient was last known to be well.

    3. Prestroke mRS score ≤1.

    4. Baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 5–25 (inclusive).

    5. Informed consent from the patient or legally authorised representative.

    Exclusion criteria

    1. Intention to proceed to endovascular treatment.

    2. Allergy to TNK or alteplase.

    3. Rapidly improving symptoms at the discretion of the investigator.

    4. NIHSS consciousness score (NIHSS 1a) >2.

    5. Arterial puncture at a non-compressible site within the previous 7 days, major surgery within the previous 14 days, sever trauma, gastrointestinal or urinary tract haemorrhage within the previous 21 days.

    6. Myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke in previous 3 months, previous ICH (including parenchymal haemorrhage, intraventricular haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, subdural/external haematoma, etc), severe brain trauma, intracranial or intraspinal surgery in previous 3 months or known malignant intracranial neoplasm, giant intracranial aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation.

    7. Persistent blood pressure elevation (systolic ≥180 mm Hg or diastolic ≥100 mm Hg), despite blood pressure-lowering treatment.

    8. Blood glucose <2.8 mmol/L or >22.22 mmol/L (point-of-care glucose testing is acceptable).

    9. Any known defect in coagulation, for example, current use of oral warfarin anticoagulant with an international normalised ratio >1.7 or prothrombin time >15 s, or heparins during the last 48 hours, or use of direct thrombin inhibitors or direct factor Xa inhibitors during the last 48 hours or with an elevated activated partial thromboplastin time greater than the upper limit of normal.

    10. Known defect of platelet or clotting function, platelet count below 100×109/L (note that patients on antiplatelet agents can be included).

    11. Weakness after witnessed or presumed seizure that cannot be explained by acute ischaemic injury on brain imaging.

    12. Hypodensity in >1/3 middle cerebral artery territory on non-contrast computer tomography (NCCT).

    13. ICH, subarachnoid haemorrhage or other brain haemorrhage identified by CT or MRI.

    14. Any terminal illness such that patient would not be expected to survive >1 year.

    15. Pregnant women, nursing mothers.

    16. Inability to adhere to the trial protocol or follow-up.

    17. Participation in another clinical trial within the previous 3 months.

    18. Any condition that, in the judgement of the investigator could impose hazards to the patient if study therapy is initiated or affect the participation of the patient in the study.

    Baseline measures

    Patients who are clinically suspected of AIS within 4.5 hours after symptom onset will be assessed for intravenous thrombolysis eligibility after CT scan. Demographics, medical history, current medications and baseline laboratory tests will be collected. Baseline neurological impairment (eg, NIHSS) and prestroke functional (eg, mRS) scores before this attack will be performed by a certified physician with uniform and standardised training. Primary or comprehensive stroke centres will be selected as study sites to make sure that patients can be assessed and treated with rapid workflow.

    Randomisation and blinding

    The proportion of patients in the rhTNK-tPA group and the rt-PA group is 1:1 in each study site. Central web-based randomisation system (Randomization and Trial Supply Management V.3.1.2, Beijing Bioknow Information Technology, China) will be used for randomisation in dynamic blocks of four to balance distribution of group assignments at any time. The size of the blocks will be withheld from the investigators to make sure that they are unaware of the treatment assignments. The intravenous thrombolytic treatment is open label. Investigators who involved in the subsequent clinical and imaging assessment of outcomes are blinded to treatment allocation.

    Treatment intervention

    Intervention group: rhTNK-tPA (0.25 mg/kg, max 25 mg)

    rhTNK-tPA (0.25 mg/kg) is given as a single, intravenous bolus (over 5–10 s) immediately on randomisation. Maximum dose is 25 mg.

    Control group: rt-PA (0.9 mg/kg, max 90 mg)

    Ten per cent dose of rt-PA (0.9 mg/kg) is given as bolus and the remainder over 1 hour infusion. Maximum dose is 90 mg.

    Patients for whom endovascular treatment is planned are excluded from this study. Patients who are subsequently judged to require endovascular treatment after intravenous thrombolysis in the judgement of the investigator will be included in the intention-to-treat analysis, but will be excluded from per-protocol analysis in order to avoid the effect on the outcome.

    Outcomes and follow-up

    Study visits will be performed on the day of randomisation, at 24 hours and 24–36 hours after randomisation, at day 7 and at day 90. On admission, CT with or without CT angiography (CTA) (or MRI/MR angiography (MRA)) is performed. At 24–36 hours after randomisation, CT, CTA with CT perfusion or MRA with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) is performed. At randomisation and during follow-up visits, including but not limited to clinical information will be collected: neurological evaluation (mRS and NIHSS); a physical examination, vital signs, concomitant medications and adverse events (AEs). Information is collected at a face-to-face consultation, mRS allows telephone interview (table 1).

    Serious adverse events (SAEs) will be reported by investigators adhering to the protocol and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Two members of the independent Clinical Events Committee (CEC) will adjudicate the report. SAEs and AEs will be tabulated using standard terminology.

    Primary outcome

    Proportion of patients with excellent functional outcome defined as mRS score ≤1 point at 90 days.

    Secondary outcomes

    Efficacy outcomes

    1. Proportion of participants with mRS ≤2 at 90 days.

    2. Ordinal distribution of mRS at 90 days.

    3. Proportion of participants with improvement on NIHSS of ≥4 points or a score ≤1 at 24 hours and at 7 days or discharge (whichever occurs first).

    4. Barthel Index score ≥95 at day 90.

    Safety outcomes

    1. sICH within 36 hours (as defined by Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke18 and The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study III19).

    2. Systemic bleeding at 90 days (as defined by The Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries20).

    3. Death from any cause within 90 days.

    4. AEs/SAEs within 90 days.

    Clinical Events Committee

    The CEC consists of experienced neurologists and cardiologists who are not involved in the execution of the study. Membership of the CEC (including qualifications, roles and responsibilities) shall be confirmed by the steering committee. Clinical end point events include: new vascular events, sICH, systematic bleeding and death. All clinical end points are first determined by the investigator, then verified and adjudicated by the CEC based on clinical symptoms, laboratory tests and imaging data.

    Data monitoring committee

    An independent data monitoring committee (DMC) will protect the interests of the participants during the study. The DMC need to review the safety and efficacy data gathered during the study, especially serious unexpected adverse reactions, evaluate the risks and benefits regularly and dynamically, provide professional advice to the steering committee based on the analysis results carried out by an independent statistician. A DMC Charter details roles, composition, responsibilities and procedures to ensure maintenance of independence and objectivity of the DMC (online supplemental file 2).

    Supplemental material

    Sample size and statistical analysis

    Sample size

    TRACE II uses a non-inferiority design with the primary efficacy outcome being the proportion of patients achieving mRS 0–1 at 90 days. Based on meta-analysis of previous trials, the risk ratio for the effect of rt-PA versus placebo for the outcome of mRS 0–1 was 1.24 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.36).21 Prior data indicate that TNK is unlikely to be less safe or effective than alteplase and is more convenient. Under these circumstances, the Food and Drug Administration guidelines for non-inferiority design allow for a relaxation of non-inferiority criteria to preserve at least 50% of the effect of alteplase. In the TRACE trial, TNK will therefore be declared non-inferior if the lower 97.5% one-sided CI of the risk ratio for the primary outcome does not cross 0.937. The phase II TRACE study found that 59.3% of rt-PA-treated patients achieved mRS 0–1 at 90 days. The risk ratio boundary of 0.937 would therefore correspond to a 5.9% absolute risk difference between the rhTNK-tPA group and the rt-PA group. This 3.74% risk difference margin is regarded as acceptable by clinical experts. Assuming a power of 85%, a one-sided alpha level of 0.025 and an absolute relative risk of 1.07 (63.6% in rhTNK-tPA vs 59.3% in rt-PA group with mRS 0–1 at 90 days based on the TRACE data), the sample size for each group is 614 patients. Allowing for a loss-to-follow-up rate of 10%, the final sample size estimate is 1364 patients (682 in each treatment group).

    Statistical analysis

    The primary efficacy analysis will be on an intention-to-treat basis and compared using two-sided significance tests. Fisher’s exact probability method or χ2 test will be used for comparison of categorical variables, Wilcoxon rank-sum test for comparison of ordinal variables, T test or rank-sum test for comparison of continuous variables and mean difference of score with 95% CI will be calculated. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel χ2 test considering the central effect will be used for comparison of primary end points between groups, and the 95% CI of OR was calculated. The odds of achieving mRS 0–1 at 90 days will be analysed using logistic regression with adjustment of baseline NIHSS and age. OR and the 95% CI will be reported. Per-protocol analysis will be performed according to whether bridging therapy was assigned. No interim analysis is planned in this trial. All statistical analyses will be performed using SAS V.9.4 software.

    Discussion

    As a major public health problem in the world, improving treatment of AIS deserves continuous effort. An improved intravenous thrombolytic approach could have a major impact on health delivery. TNK is a genetically engineered modified form of rt-PA with better fibrin specificity, high resistance to plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 and slower plasma clearance permitting bolus administration which may facilitate efficient institution of reperfusion therapy.

    The TRACE II study excludes patients intended to have endovascular thrombectomy. Although several studies of direct endovascular thrombectomy have reported similar results with and without bridging alteplase in the subgroup of patients who present directly to an endovascular-capable centre, there is residual uncertainty about the best treatment approach and intravenous thrombolysis remains the recommended treatment for patients with AIS within 4.5 hours.22–25 Previous studies reported that patients with AIS with large vessel occlusion (LVO) receiving intravenous thrombolysis with TNK having favourable clinical outcomes at 3 months compared with patients receiving intravenous alteplase.26 27 Subgroup analysis of the patients with AIS with LVO will be conducted in TRACE II study. A separate TRACE III trial will focus to assess the effect of TNK for patients with AIS with LVO in the late time window (4.5–24 hours after stroke onset).

    A double-blind design is considered optimal for phase III randomised controlled trials. However, a double-blind and double-dummy drug administration would significantly increase the complexity of the trial procedure in the very narrow time window and delaying drug administration for patients with AIS is unethical. A PROBE design was therefore chosen for TRACE II. Although some investigators in the local centres may be aware of the treatment allocation, investigators who are involved in the subsequent clinical and imaging assessment of outcomes are blinded to treatment allocation.

    The most common AEs in clinical studies of thrombolytic agents are haemorrhage, including ICH and systemic bleeding. The safety profile of TNK appears similar to alteplase and TRACE II uses standard thrombolytic therapy exclusions to reduce the risk of bleeding. Angio-oedema can occur with both TNK and alteplase and is managed according to standard treatment guidelines. No patients developed angio-oedema in the TRACE phase II study.

    In conclusion, TRACE II addresses a critical clinical question in patients with ischaemic stroke. Demonstration of non-inferiority of TNK in this trial would support implementation of convenient intravenous thrombolysis with TNK for patients with AIS.

    Data availability statement

    Data are available on reasonable request. None.

    Ethics statements

    Patient consent for publication

    Ethics approval

    All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants gave informed consent before taking part. This study obtained Ethics approval of Institutional Review Board of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University with number YW2020-046-04.

    Acknowledgments

    The authors extend their special thanks to the physicians as well as all other personnel who dedicated themselves to the TRACE II study. The Steering Committee: Yongjun Wang, Bruce CV Campbell (AUS), Lee H Schwamm (USA), Marc Fisher (USA), Mark W Parsons (AUS). Data Monitoring Committee: Hao Li, David Wang (USA), Lawrence Wong (HK), Dongsheng Fan, Magdy Selim (USA). Independent statistician: Yuesong Pan. Clinical Events Committee: Wenli Hu, Yonghua Huang, Lv Qiang.

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    Supplementary material

    • Supplementary Data

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    • Supplementary Data

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    Footnotes

    • Correction notice The article has been corrected since published onlinefirst. The value has been corrected from "59.4%" to "59.3%" in the sentence "The phase II TRACE study found…" Also, the phrase "59.3% in rhTNK-tPA vs 63.6%" has been corrected to "63.6% in rhTNK-tPA vs 59.3%" in the sentence "Assuming a power of 85%, a one-sided …".

    • Contributors Obtained funding, concept and design: YW. All authors contributed to the study design. Drafting of the manuscript: SL. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: BCVC, LHS. Statistical analysis: HL, YP. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the submitted version.

    • Funding This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81870905), the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC1308204) and the National Science and Technology Major Project (2017ZX09304018). This study was sponsored and funded by Guangzhou Recomgen Biotech Co., Ltd.

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.