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Abstract
Background The characteristics of patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) and their management vary across regions, which may influence outcomes. We examined for differential patterns of outcome between China and non-China participants of the ENhanced Control of Hypertension And Thrombolysis strokE stuDy (ENCHANTED), which tested different alteplase doses in AIS.
Methods ENCHANTED was an international, multicentre, open, blinded-endpoint trial of the effects of low-dose (0.6 mg/kg) versus standard-dose (0.9 mg/kg) intravenous alteplase on 90-day disability outcomes and symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (sICH) in 3310 patients with AIS.
Results Participants (n=1419, 48%) in China were younger, and more often male, hypertensive and with prior stroke and coronary artery disease, but less likely to have atrial fibrillation and use antihypertensive, antithrombotic and lipid-lowering agents, compared with non-China patients with AIS. Although China participants had more AIS due to large artery occlusion, were treated later and had differing ancillary management, there was no significant difference in 90-day modified Rankin scale scores 2–6 (55.6% vs 47.8%; OR, adjusted for baseline and management factors 0.87 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.07; p=0.20)) and risk of sICH (Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study criteria: 1.4% vs 1.8%; p=0.12) compared with non-China participants. There was no heterogeneity in the treatment effects of low-dose versus standard-dose alteplase between China and non-China participants.
Conclusion Patients with AIS recruited to the ENCHANTED trial in China had similar outcomes in response to thrombolysis treatment despite significantly differing demographic, clinical and management factors to patients with AIS in other regions.
- acute ischemic stroke
- intravenous thrombolysis
- clinical trial
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Introduction
Stroke is the leading cause of mortality and disability in China. However, Chinese patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) may differ from those in other countries by way of demographic characteristics,1 type of vessel occlusion2 and in the use of alternative therapies such as traditional Chinese medicine and corticosteroids.3 Intravenous alteplase is approved for the treatment of AIS within 4.5 hours of the onset of symptoms,4–6 but Chinese patients are often treated later and with lower doses than in the West.7
The ENhanced Control of Hypertension And Thrombolysis strokE stuDy (ENCHANTED) did not confirm that low-dose alteplase was non-inferior to standard-dose alteplase with respect to the conventional measure of poor outcome, a binary endpoint of death and disability defined by scores of 2–6 on the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days. However, low-dose alteplase was non-inferior with respect to an ordinal mRS shift analysis and had a significantly lower rate of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (sICH).8–10 Of the 3310 participants, 1419 were recruited from China, and their demographic and disease profile, management and outcome may have been different from that of patients in other countries. We aimed to quantify differences in characteristics, management and response to treatment by country of recruitment (China vs non-China) in the ENCHANTED trial.
Methods
The ENCHANTED trial was an international, multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial, the details of which are outlined elsewhere.8–10 In brief, 3310 patients with AIS confirmed on brain imaging and fulfilling local criteria for thrombolysis treatment, including symptom onset within 4.5 hours, were randomly assigned to receive low-dose (0.6 mg/kg; 15% as bolus, 85% as infusion over 1 hour) or standard-dose (0.9 mg/kg; 10% as bolus, 90% as infusion over 1 hour) intravenous alteplase. The study protocol was approved by the appropriate ethics committee at each participating centre, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient or an appropriate surrogate.
Key demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded at the time of enrolment, with neurological severity measured using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and Glasgow Coma Scale at baseline, 24 hours and at day 7 (or earlier on discharge from hospital). The principal clinical outcome was death or level of disability according to the mRS, which was assessed through telephone or in-person contact by researchers who were blind to the randomised treatment allocation at 90 days. Uncompressed digital images of all baseline and follow-up brain scans—CT, MRI and angiograms—were collected in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format on a CD-ROM identified only with the patient’s unique study number, and uploaded by a special purpose-built, web-based system for central analysis at The George Institute of Global Health. All brain scans with an intracranial haemorrhage were reviewed by at least two independent assessors blind to clinical data, treatment, and date and sequence of scan using MIStar V.3.2 (Apollo Medical Imaging Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia). Assessors graded any haemorrhage as intracerebral, subarachnoid, intraventricular, subdural or other; sICH was graded across all standard definitions.9
Associations of country of recruitment (China vs non-China participants) with death or disability, death and sICH were estimated using logistic regression models with adjustment for confounders. The treatment effects of low-dose versus standard-dose alteplase on death or disability, death and sICH were determined using logistic regression models, and the potential heterogeneity of alteplase dose effect between China and non-China participants was estimated by adding an interaction term to the statistical models. Proportional odds regression models were used to determine the treatment effects on an ordinal shift in mRS scores between China and non-China participants, the proportional odds assumption being fulfilled in all the models.11 12 Data are reported as ORs and 95% CIs. Two-sided p values are reported, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. SAS V.9.3 was used for analyses.8
Results
Baseline characteristics and management
From March 2012 through August 2015, a total of 3310 patients were randomised; 1654 patients were assigned to low-dose alteplase and 1643 to standard-dose alteplase (after exclusion of 13 patients: 9 had no consent, 1 was mistakenly randomised and 3 had duplicate randomisation).10 All 3297 patients (37.8% female; mean age: 66.6 (SD: 12.8) years) were included in these analyses. Table 1 shows the patient characteristics, split by region, with China participants being younger, and more often male, hypertensive, smokers and with a history of stroke and coronary artery disease, but less likely to have a history of atrial fibrillation and hypercholesterolaemia, and to use antihypertensive, antithrombotic and lipid-lowering agents. Moreover, China participants had a twofold greater risk of large artery occlusion.
Baseline characteristics
Differences in alteplase factors and management over the first 7 days are reported in online supplementary table 1. China participants who received less alteplase, either as a bolus or infusion dose, were treated much later after symptom onset, and were less likely to receive concomitant treatments, including endovascular clot retrieval, neurosurgery, compression stockings, subcutaneous heparin, intubation and ventilation, an antithrombotic, and stroke unit care and rehabilitation. Conversely, they were more likely to receive intravenous blood pressure-lowering treatment, intravenous traditional Chinese medicine and corticosteroids.
Across the whole cohort, independent of randomised treatment, and after adjusting for important baseline variables (model 1) and additionally for early management (model 2), country of recruitment was not associated with death or disability at 90 days, whether defined by mRS scores 2–6 (China vs non-China: OR, 0.87; 95% CI 0.71 to 1.07; p=0.20) or mRS scores 3—6 (OR, 1.01; 95% CI 0.81 to 1.26; p=0.93), but was associated with lower mortality (OR, 0.53; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.79; p=0.002) (see online supplementary table 2). There was no clear association between country of recruitment and sICH across a broad range of classifications (see online supplementary table 3).
When considering the impact of low-dose versus standard-dose alteplase, there was no significant interaction of the treatment effect by country of recruitment for various 90-day outcomes on the mRS 0–1 vs 2–6, or mRS 0–2 vs 3–6 and mortality alone, or by ordinal shift analysis (table 2). Low-dose alteplase was associated with less sICH for all patients, with no significant heterogeneity in such risk between China and non-China participants (see online supplementary table 4).
Randomised treatment effects on major clinical outcomes at 90 days, by non-China versus China
Discussion
In this secondary analysis of the ENCHANTED trial, there were no significant differences in the important outcomes of death or disability, or sICH, between China and non-China thrombolysis-treated patients with AIS, although China participants had lower overall mortality. The treatment effects of low-dose versus standard-dose alteplase on clinical outcomes and sICH were consistent between China and non-China participants.
The median time from the onset of symptoms to receipt of treatment was 200 min for China participants, which is longer than recorded in the China national stroke registry7 and trials or quality assurance studies in other countries.13–15 This may have been due to various factors influencing prehospital and posthospital care: delay in the recognition of stroke symptoms, long hospital transfer distances and traffic delays, high cost of alteplase, fear of sICH, and additional efforts required to process the explanation, consent and randomisation aspects of the trial. China participants appear to have been managed less intensively, for example with regard to investigation (cerebral angiogram), intervention (endovascular clot retrieval, neurosurgery), ancillary care (use of compression stocking and subcutaneous heparin), management (intubation and ventilation, stroke unit care) and hospital rehabilitation.
ENCHANTED was undertaken to resolve uncertainty over the optimal dose of alteplase, as Japanese studies16 17 had indicated low-dose alteplase provides similar, perhaps superior, efficacy and safety to standard-dose alteplase, whereas several observational studies18–23 in China had reported conflicting results. Ultimately, as the only randomised evaluation of different doses of alteplase, ENCHANTED failed to confirm that low-dose alteplase was non-inferior to standard-dose alteplase on primary efficacy outcome, but it did clearly indicate that low-dose alteplase was a safer strategy with a lower risk of sICH. These additional secondary analyses indicate that the efficacy and safety of low-dose versus standard-dose alteplase are consistent between China and non-China participants.
It is difficult to compare our study with other observational studies18–23 where there are differences in baseline patient characteristics and stroke severity and use of variable alteplase dose regimens.24 A multicentre, multinational study25 involving 591 patients treated at 48 centres in South Korea, China, India and Singapore reported safety and efficacy of standard-dose alteplase in an Asian population.13 Taken together with the current evidence, we consider that standard-dose alteplase should not be excluded as the optimal dose to treat Chinese patients with AIS.
The strengths of this study are the large sample size and inclusion of patients from a variety of healthcare settings, which enhance the generalisability of the results. The high rates of follow-up, adherence to treatment and rigorous assessment of serious adverse events, especially sICH, ensure that the harms were reliably detected and quantified. However, imprecision in the estimates of the treatment effect may have arisen from interobserver variability in mRS scoring in a pragmatic open trial,26 while the inclusion of patients with generally milder stroke severity treated with a slightly longer delay from symptom onset than has occurred in other trials and evaluations of alteplase in AIS14 may raise concern over the implications of these results. Finally, this was posthoc subgroup analysis, and consequently imprecision and greater potential random error may have limited our ability to detect significant differences.
In summary, China patients with AIS, as compared with non-China patients with AIS, had different characteristics and management, yet had an increased chance of survival following treatment with alteplase in the ENCHANTED trial. The effects of low-dose versus standard-dose alteplase on all outcomes, including mortality, were similar between China and non-China participants.
References
Footnotes
Contributors CSA contributed to study design, organisation, execution, statistical review, and review and critique of the report. LS contributed to study execution and writing of the report. XW contributed to data analysis and review and critique of the report. TR and RIL contributed to study design, organisation, execution and review and critique of the report. HA and JC contributed to study design and review and critique of the report. PML and XC contributed to study organisation, execution and review and critique of the report.
Funding Funding was principally received from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia. Additional funding was from the Stroke Association of the United Kingdom, the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil, and the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs of the Republic of Korea (HI14C1985).
Competing interests T Robinson is a National Institute of Health Research Senior Investigator, and reports receiving speaking fees from Bayer and Boehringer Ingelheim, and fees for Advisory Panels from Bayer and Daiichi Sankyo. PM Lavados reports receiving research funding from Astra Zeneca, Bayer and Boehringer Ingelheim and speaking fees from Bayer. RI Lindley reports receiving speaking fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Covidien, and Pfizer. CS Anderson reports receiving fees for Advisory Panels of Astra Zeneca and Medtronic, speaking at seminars for Takeda China and Boehringer Ingelheim, and a research grant from Takeda China. J Chalmers reports research grants and lecture fees from Servier for the ADVANCE trial and post-trial follow-up.
Patient consent Obtained.
Ethics approval Every ethics committee at the participating centers.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement No data sharing.