Clinical spectrum of carotid occlusive disease
| Clinical presentation | Features |
| Ischaemic stroke | Especially ‘borderzone’ infarcts in anterior or posterior cortical watershed or in the deep internal watershed territories |
| Transient ischaemic attack | Can be provoked by standing posture or new antihypertensive treatment |
| Limb-jerking | Transient repetitive involuntary limb movements, which may be misdiagnosed as partial seizures (but with no Jacksonian march, no epileptiform activity on EEG and no improvement with anticonvulsants)4 |
| Ocular symptoms | Amaurosis fugax (complete loss of vision), or even unilateral blurred vision when looking at bright light or going from cold to warm surroundings (retinal claudication)41 42 |
| Syncope | Associated with standing posture but often with no drop in systemic blood pressure5 |
| Cognitive impairment | Gradual deterioration in memory and other cognitive facets43 |
| Transient global amnesia | Short-term loss of memory function with no other signs of impaired cognition6 |